Verbal Behavior Analysis (VBA) Helps Children With Language Deficits

Verbal Behavior Analysis, or VBA, is a language intervention strategy based on the work of B.F. Skinner. An American psychologist, social philosopher, and inventor, Skinner was a leading figure in the branch of psychology known as Behaviorism. This school of psychology derives from â€Å"the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed,† according to Psychology Today. With this in mind, Verbal Behavior Analysis can be a powerful approach to addressing the language deficits of children on the autism spectrum. Autism is a developmental disorder that makes it difficult for children and adults who have the condition to communicate and interact with others. But Skinner posited that language is learned behavior mediated by others. He introduced the terms Mand, Tact, and Intraverbal to describe three different kinds of verbal behaviors. Defining the Terms Manding is either demanding or commanding others for desired objects or activities. Tacting is identifying and naming objects, and intraverbals are utterances (language) mediated by other language, often called pragmatics by speech and language pathologists. What Occurs During VBA Treatment? In VBA treatment, a therapist sits with an individual child and presents preferred items. The child will receive the preferred item when he or she imitates the therapist and mands or requests the item. The therapist will ask a child for a number of responses, often in quick succession, known as massed trials or discrete trial training. The therapist will build on success by having the child select from more than one preferred item, by demanding clearer or more audible approximations of the word in order receive the preferred item (called shaping) and mixing it up with other preferred activities. This first step is done once a child has exhibited success in manding, especially manding in phrases, the therapist will move ahead with tacting. When a child succeeds in learning and naming familiar objects, the therapist will build on that with intraverbals,  naming relationships. For example, the therapist will ask, Jeremy, where is the hat? The child will then respond, The hat is under the chair. The therapist will help the child generalize these verbal skills to a variety of settings, such as school, in public and at home with parents or caregivers. How VBA Differs From ABA The MyAutismClinic website states that ABA and VBA, though related, are not the same. What’s the difference between the two? â€Å"ABA is the science that uses principles of behavior like reinforcement, extinction, punishment, stimulus control, motivation to teach new behaviors, modify and/or terminate maladaptive behaviors,† the MyAutismClinic site states. â€Å"Verbal Behavior or VB  is simply the application of these scientific principles to language.† The site states  that some people believe that ABA is more efficient than VBA, but this is a misconception. â€Å"A well-trained professional should make use of the principles of ABA in all areas of the child’s development including language,† according to MyAutismClinic. VBA is simply a comprehensive ABA approach to language.

Analysis Of Theodore Levitts Marketing Myopia

In Theodore Levitt’s article â€Å"Marketing Myopia†, he defines that marketing should focus on customer oriented instead of product oriented. He had introduced a famous question, â€Å"What business are you really in?† Many times, people misidentify the industry they are in. For example, Levitt uses the examples of railroad business, Hollywood, oil company, and many other examples to teach us that oriented management can keep a growth industry growing. Although â€Å"product orientation is unquestioned† for many businesses, customer oriented plays an essential role in creating business value such as loyalty to the brand. Therefore, customer oriented considers a main part of marketing that many businesses should focus on in order to create customers. Levitt illustrates the three industries: petroleum, automobiles, and electronics to support his statement that â€Å"there is no such thing as growing industry†, because companies should create to operate new opportunities. Railroad business is a classic example because it considers itself a railroad business instead of a transportation business. Therefore, the railroad business was replaced by the other types of transportation because railroad business did not take the customer preference into consideration, and they thought that railroad will not be replace. Unfortunately, now, railroad business has to plead on government subsidies to operate. Additionally, the oil station has the opportunity to expand into gas industry; however, the oilShow MoreRelatedTheodore Levitt’s contribution to marketing is undoubtedly un-measurable in any quantity,1700 Words   |  7 PagesTheodore Levitt’s contribution to marketing is undoubtedly un-measurable in any quantity, un-des cribable in a matter of words and unfathomable to any one who did not have the chance to meet the legendary scholar. The German moved to America after serving in the Second World War, where he received a PhD from the Ohio State University in economics. He later acted as a Professor in Harvard Business School and went on to become an editor for the â€Å"Harvard Business Review† (1985-1989). Through the captivatingRead MoreMarketing Myopia, By Theodore Levitt1348 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Myopia Analysis â€Å"Marketing Myopia†, by Theodore Levitt is one of Harvard Business Review’s most profound articles ever published, having won the McKinsey Award in 1960. The title of the article hints what it suggests, a short-sighted approach to marketing. Levitt, whom has witnessed the rise of three industries: petroleum, automobiles and electronics, analyzes and comments on businesses’ failures, partly due to a misguided focus. Business, in essence is to establish an entity in which profitRead MoreMarket Orientation Process Of Blockbuster2186 Words   |  9 Pagesalso its marketing Myopia brought Blockbuster to bankruptcy. 2. Introduction In today’s competitive business environment, the prime objective of any firm is to gain the profit and to achieve its goals successfully (Sokolowski, 2013). For this, companies focus on the market orientation to have the clear picture about the market and strategies that can increase its customer base and help to achieve its objectives. But, there are different types of factors like PESTEL and marketing myopia, which affectRead MoreThe Concept of Strategy and Strategic Management1718 Words   |  7 PagesTHE CONCEPT OF STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT G. Tyge Payne, PhD 1 Strategic Management Strategy: The unifying theme that gives coherence and direction to the decisions of an organization Strategic Management: Consisting of the analysis, decisions, and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages. Or, the Strategic Management Process is: The full set of commitments, decisions, and actions required for a firm to create value and earn aboveaverageRead MoreThe New Marketing Myopia7296 Words   |  30 PagesSocial Innovation Centre The New Marketing Myopia _______________ N. Craig SMITH Minette E. DRUMWRIGHT Mary C. GENTILE 2009/08/ISIC Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1336886 The New Marketing Myopia by N. Craig Smith* Minette E. Drumwright ** and Mary C. Gentile *** forthcoming in the Journal of Public Policy Marketing This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1336886 Read MoreSonic Marketing Analysis Proposal8791 Words   |  36 PagesMarketing Analysis Proposal Part One: Introduction Sonic is about to enter a mature and highly competitive PDA market. Founded eighteen months ago, the company was birthed by two entrepreneurs highly skilled and knowledgeable in telecommunications. They are preparing to present their first product, Sonic 1000 PDA. The Sonic 1000 offers wireless networking, digital technology, dual phone use, 20 gigabytes of memory, four megapixel camera, and voice recognitionRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia

Alu Potol Industry of Bd Free Essays

Chapter 1: Information Systems in Global Business Today [MIS -L10/e] Multiple Choices 1. When nearly all core business processes are digitally enabled, Correct Answer: the firm is more competitive and efficient. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Alu Potol Industry of Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which business objective refers to the achievement of higher levels of efficiency and productivity? Correct Answer: Operational excellence 3. Which business objective refers to increasing a company’s revenues while decreasing its costs? Correct Answer: Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Which of the following consists of all the hardware and software that a firm needs to achieve its business objectives? Correct Answer: Information technology 5. Data shaped into meaningful form are called Correct Answer: information. 6. Raw facts that have not been organized into a useful form are called Correct Answer: data. 7. Which activity of an information system converts raw input into a meaningful form? Correct Answer: Processing 8. Which activity of an information system helps an organization evaluate or correct the input stage? Correct Answer: Feedback 9. Computer literacy focuses primarily on: Correct Answer: a knowledge of information technology. 10. The responsibility for monitoring the daily activities of a business falls to this organizational level: Correct Answer: Middle management. 11. The world’s largest and most widely used network is the Correct Answer: Internet. 12. The linkage of two or more computers together to share data or resources is called a(n): Correct Answer: network. 13. Which of the following could not be classified a complementary organizational asset required to optimize returns from information technology investments? Correct Answer: The Internet and telecommunications infrastructure. 4. The technical approach to information systems includes: Correct Answer: computer science, management science, and operations research. 15. Which of the following would not be classified as a technical approach to the study of information systems? Correct Answer: Economics True or False 1. Changes in the business environment such as new accounting laws are spurring the growth of digital information. Correct Answer: True 2. Business processes refer to the streamlining of standard operating procedures in order to eliminate bottlenecks. Correct Answer: False . There is a growing interdependence between a firm’s ability to use information technology and its ability to implement corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals. Correct Answer: True 4. The more intimacy a business can create with its suppliers, the more it can lower costs. Correct Answer: True 5. Federal and state regulations can force a business to improve its information systems. Correct Answer: True 6. Information is defined as data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings. Correct Answer: True 7. Information system input only captures data from inside the business but not from its external environment. Correct Answer: False 8. Members of the organization evaluate and correct inputs through feedback. Correct Answer: True 9. Computer literacy focuses on both people and technology. Correct Answer: False 10. Knowledge workers are engineers or architects who design products or services. Correct Answer: True 11. Each organization has a unique culture. Correct Answer: True 12. The Internet has created a universal technology platform that allows businesses to create new services. Correct Answer: True 13. Intranets and extranets use the same technology platforms as the Internet. Correct Answer: True 14. Complementary assets are those assets required to derive value from a secondary investment. Correct Answer: False 15. It can be said that â€Å"all information systems are forms of behavioral systems†. Correct Answer: False Essay 1. Provide an overview of the six business objectives of information systems. 2. Information systems produce the information that organizations need to make decisions, control operations, analyze problems, and create new products or services. Identify and describe the three activities found in information systems. 3. Explain the difference between computer literacy and information literacy. 4. Briefly describe how information systems influence organizations, people, and technology. 5. The study of information systems is a multidisciplinary field. Identify the six major disciplines that contribute problems, issues, and solutions to the study of information systems. Explain why no single theory or perspective dominates. Chapter 2: Global E-Business: How Businesses Use Information Systems Multiple Choices 1. Logically related sets of activities that define how business tasks are performed are called Correct Answer: business processes. 2. Which business function is responsible for providing customer service support? Correct Answer: Sales and marketing 3. Which business function is responsible for determining where to locate new plants? Correct Answer: Production and manufacturing 4. Which business function is responsible for tracking payroll transactions? Correct Answer: Accounting and finance 5. Which type of system tracks elementary activities of an organization? Correct Answer: Transaction processing system (TPS) . Which type of system produces reports on a regular schedule in a predetermined format? Correct Answer: Management information system 7. Which type of system is most often used for analyzing data? Correct Answer: Decision-support system 8. These systems address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arrivin g at a solution. Correct Answer: Executive support systems 9. Systems that span all functional areas and focus on executing business processes across the firm are called Correct Answer: enterprise applications. 0. Which system stores all organizational data in a single central data repository? Correct Answer: Enterprise system 11. Which of the following would not describe how a firm can benefit from supply chain management systems? Correct Answer: Control the actions of machines and equipment 12. Which type of enterprise application is specifically used to help a business increase sales? Correct Answer: Customer relationship management (CRM) system 13. Which type of enterprise application stores directories of employees with special areas of expertise? Correct Answer: Knowledge management system 14. This term refers to the use of digital technology and the Internet to execute the major business processes in an enterprise: Correct Answer: Electronic business. 15. Which person is responsible for the overall use of information technology in a large conglomerate? Correct Answer: Chief Information Officer (CIO) True/False 1. Business processes refer to the manner in which work is organized, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service. Correct Answer: True 2. Information systems enhance business processes by enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business. Correct Answer: True 3. A well-designed single system can provide all the information an organization needs. Correct Answer: False 4. A human resource system is designed to plan the long-term force needs of an organization. Correct Answer: True 5. Transaction processing systems are designed primarily to analyze data and provide periodic reports to middle managers. Correct Answer: False 6. Much of the data in management information systems comes from transaction processing systems (TPS). Correct Answer: True 7. Transaction processing systems generally are flexible and have tremendous analytical capabilities. Correct Answer: False 8. Decision support systems (DSS) often rely on information from external sources. Correct Answer: True 9. Executive support systems are designed to address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight. Correct Answer: True 10. Transaction processing systems are the only system that uses portals to present information to senior executives. Correct Answer: False 11. Supply chain management (SCM) systems are designed to collect data from various key business processes and store the data in a single central data repository. Correct Answer: False 12. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems help firm’s identify, attract, and retain the most profitable customers. Correct Answer: True 13. Intranets are internal networks built with the same tools and communication standards as the Internet and are used for the internal distribution of information to employees. Correct Answer: True 14. Buying and selling goods and services over the Internet is referred to as e-commerce. Correct Answer: True 15. Computer programmers constitute the principal liaisons between the information systems group and the rest of the organization. Correct Answer: False Essay 1. What are â€Å"business processes†? What purposes do they serve in the firm? 2. Explain the difference between a management information system and a decision-support system as they relate to middle managers. 3. Discuss the interrelationships among TPS, MIS, DSS, and ESS systems. 4. What is the function of a CRM system? 5. Businesses today are enabled by or based upon digital networks. What is meant by e-business and e-commerce? How to cite Alu Potol Industry of Bd, Essay examples

Management Theory And Ethical Dilemmas †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory And Ethical Dilemmas. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemmas are common to a real world business organization. Ethical dilemmas are the common phenomenon that takes place frequently in the organization. It is a situation where an individual is unable to find out the difference between right and wrong. Employees have to deal with the organizational pressure that leads to an accumulated pressure. The choice regarding the organization is developed based on the unethical practices. Excessive competition in the business atmosphere leads to use of unethical practices at work. Large-sized business organization has a tendency to overlook the ethical dilemma. Whistle blowers are hiding due to the fear of management (Broad, 2014). Hence Ethical dilemma has become an extremely pressurizing situation for the employees and the management. Pressure to perform well from the management is driving the employees into wrong direction. Employees have to perform under such conditions making it into a nightmare. The unethical business practice is q uestioning the credibility of employees and management. In the recent time, Organizations like Volkswagen, Johnson and Johnson, Samsung and McDonalds gained widespread criticism due to their unethical practices (Broad, 2014). The report therefore review the unethical practices followed by McDonalds in 2016 during theroid Olympics. The largest burger restaurant chain is known for selling toys with the happy meal. Over the years, they have made sophisticated changes in the toys depending on thronging market trend. In 2016 Olympics the Brand introduced Step-It, a pint-sized step counter for children. The watch-like device was introduced by McDonalds to attract kids to buy a happy meal. The watch was manufactured for the kids to monitor their daily physical activities. Dozens of users stated developing skin irritation though these watches. Record of such incidences has this has brought attention of the world media and created an anger in the global market (CBC News, 2016). Background McDonalds has a long history of working with the Olympic committee. It has been a loyal sponsor since a very long time. The restaurant chain is famous among the kids for the toys that give as a complementary gift with the happy meal. In 2016 Olympics the Brand introduced Step-It, a pint-sized step counter for children. The watch-like device was introduced by McDonalds to attract kids to buy a happy meal. The device was manufactured with a clear motive to attract more kids. The idea was to generate curiosity among kids to promote getting in shape. The watches were made with a cheap material in order to attract more number of kids (Charlebois, 2016). The information regarding the skin irritation forced the restaurant chain to stop the sale of happy meals toys. The issue gained nation-wide protest and brought the attention of media agencies. The unethical practice to gross up the profits triggered the nationwide agitation against the brand during the Rio Olympic. This was not the first kind of incidence registered in the past years. There were many such incidences where McDonalds came under highlights due to its unethical practice (Forbes. 2017). The happy meal strategy was built to attract attention of kids. The unethical dilemma here was to increase the revenue with less investment. The happy meal strategy was developed by making vast investment on the advertisements. The dilemma arises when the company wants to make profit through wrongful mean. McDonalds has been making news headlines because of its unhealthy menu. Most of the health organization is blaming the restaurant chain for their unhealthy menu. All these business prac tices followed by McDonalds are affecting long term profitability. The management turn blind eye to ethical breaches resulting in such incidences. There is an extreme level of competition among the business enterprise to make profits. This has resulted in unethical business practices have created a difficulty in managing the situation (Gibison, 2017). The report provides information regarding the ethical dilemma faced by McDonalds during the Rio Olympics. The basic purpose is to understand the concept of Ethical Dilemma and to identify the issues faced by the company in meeting the targets. CSR is an important part in an organization. For the purpose of managing the organization it is important to understand the functions of ethical dilemma. It is important for a business organization to follow an ethical corporate culture this will guarantee a regular growth within an organization. The unethical business practices are creating problem for the economy on a long run (Gorey, 2016). Scope To identify the ethical issue and to highlights the reason behind such a situation. The harmful effects of ethical dilemma can be seen in the regular business practice. Large-sized business organizations generally avoid the concept of ethical dilemma. They only look for making profits that but the integrity of the organization questionable. Pressure to perform well from the management is driving the employees into wrong direction. Employees have to perform under such conditions making it into a nightmare. The unethical activities at Mc Donalds have affected the organization badly. These business practices are harmful for their reputation itself. The unethical practice was highlighted by the media houses. The report focus on the factors that forces an organization to function unethically. The ethical Dilemma McDonalds is known across the world for its hazardous menu causing tallness. The menu offered by the brand causes diseases like obesity, infections etc. This has created an issue in managing health of kids. There are different unethical activities carried by McDonalds bringing notice of health organizations to the issue. The Happy Meal by McDonalds represents approximately 10 percent of the total sales of McDonalds. Approximately 1.5 billion happy meals are sold internationally. The toys provided by McDonalds add to the bottom line of the company. Recently, San Francisco banned the bargain practice followed by the companies as its strategy. All these business tactics act as a dime activity in the era of competition. The concept of Social license is a skill used by the business organizations in order to operate with confidence. This is to deal with the lawful activities followed by the organization. As per The existing policies, the company is using supply chain transparency, environmental stewardship and gender equality for managing the team. All These resources have critical issue to the organization in dealing with the challenging industry (Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz, 2014). The happy meal has grabbed attention of many people across the world. In Chile, the fast food chains are not allowed to giv e free toys with the happy meal. In few countries McDonalds is giving away books with the happy meal. The toys sold by McDonalds are able to grab Children imagination for a few hours at most. It is objected by few that giving away of happy meal is a waste. The moral obligation while giving away resides with the food restaurant chain. There is a change in the business practices, what was satisfactory a few years ago are not amused in the present business environment. The brand needs to establish itself as a pioneer in the market through healthy habits (Joiner, 2016). There are convinced flaws in the watches design that caused skin abrasions. It affected the sudden recall from all over the world. Many international brands are using this technique to entice children across the globe. The StepIt has brings the attention of whole world on the ethical and moral dimensions. Companies are only focusing on the finance. They are using business practices that are not good for the organization (Kroc, 2016). McDonalds toy distribution strategy is under question due to the lack of nutritional value. Consumers are questioning the organizational practices. In order to manage a balance between the ethical practices it has to focus on an effective way to meet the result. As an alternative of distributing toys it should find out effective strategies to position itself at a competitive place. Distribution of toys with the happy meal is the brand strategy. The use of unethical practice in business is disruptive for gaining long term advantage (Marczewski, 2016). The recent issue At Rio Olympics is an example of ethical dilemma. The unethical practice by McDonalds to sell off toys made of cheap quality is a serious ethical issue. It is strange to imagine that the companies are putting a lot of effort to drain income. McDonalds has faced issues due to lesser nutritional value in their menu. The happy meals sold at McDonalds are considered as one of the major reasons of obesity in ki ds. Like other restaurant chain shifting their focus on the social responsibility; McDonalds has a responsibility of developing itself as a healthy brand among kids (Meith, 2007). The unethical practices are creating problem hence affecting the market position on a long term. The lesser nutritional value in the food is one of the reason affecting the market value of the brand. Many voluntary organizations are raising concern against the happy meals and distribution toys along with it. However, it is important from the point of view of global responsibility towards nutritional value (Nill, 2015). By Selling happy meal and StepIt together is contradictory in itself. How is it possible to expect health by eating junk food? The cheap devise sold by the brand had a purpose to attract kids. This strategy initially helped in building revenue but later changed the complete situation (Press Association.2016). Implication of Kantianism Theory The theory focuses on developing healthy habit in consistency with the organization. The purpose of this theory is to state the action of making a rational choice regarding the ethical values. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean. This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural value. It is important for the organization to focus on managing the ethical practice in an effective way. The issue seen in this situation is regarding the ethical breaches. These ethical breaches seen in the recent time has a long term impact on the organization. In order to make profit, companies are using unethical means. As per Kantianism Theory the organization using such a policy can be justifiable from the point of view of company. The only purpose of the organization is to make profit through any mean. Its the market that can cause potential harm to kids. It is important from the point of view of a brand working from a very long time. These issues need to be highlighted in order to gain profitable interest. It is recommended to behave ethically on a long run in order to avoid the situation (Queerty2011). Role of a leader A leader has a role to look after the organizational operations. In the existing competitive situation, it is evident to manage the organization by managing the individual interest. It is the responsibility of a leader to give a correct brief regarding the ethical issues. It is important to beware about the changes tiling place in the business environment. Awareness is important for the organization in order to deal with the issues. By focusing on every individual employee, it is possible to manage the organization in an effective way. These policies are important to be curate by the leader. It is his duty to generate awareness about the issue taking place in the organization. The employees need to be informed about the ethical violations in the organization (winter, 2011). It is their responsibility to imbibe formal culture about the organization in order to gain market effectiveness. It is the fiduciary duty of the manager to act in the good faith of the organization. It this way t hey can put forward the required changes in order to gain goodwill. These changes are important to manage the activities in a better way (Santa Carla University.2014). In the given situation, it is the duty of the manager to lead the changes and add transparency into the process. In this situation, it is important to manage the business enterprise carefully by imparting training and development. The systematic training and development regarding such activities need to be given properly at the time of employee orientate. Employees under extreme pressure work unethically (Weekly, 2017). In order to manage such a situation, it is important to derive an effective plan by imbibing planning and development. These factors are important for considering the organizational growth and development. While working in such a situation, the manger has to focus on each and every individual in order to gain competitive market advantage (Sheehan, 2013). There are certain incidences where a company is making a continuous mistake through unethical business practice. Being a market leader in a fast food chain it is there primary duty to focus efficiently by looking at ethical issues. The company just to make enormous profit cannot use unethical business practices. This will affect the business and various other -functions on the long run. Companies like McDonalds are attracting audience especially kids through advertisements. It is the part of their promotional activities. They have an accountability to act ethically in the favor of the whole society. The overall purpose of a global company is to meet corporate social responsibility in an effective way (Press Association, 2016). A manger holds an important position that makes them accountable for ethical reasons. They need to fulfill an obligation towards the organization as well by monitoring ethical practices. McDonalds cannot get away with the responsibility towards the society. Thi s is becoming important from the part of the organization to check booming measures to carry out tasks. The occurrence of such event in the past has triggered issues in the organization requesting a need for an effective measure in order to meet the future needs (Stein, 2016). In this situation it is important to look out for an effective way facilitating organization to grow. A leader has to set a plan in order it avoid such a situation. This is only possible if the employs are ready to imbibe the organizational culture. This will let them work more efficiently without any external pressure to perform. A leader has to set an example in order to manage issues. Ethical dilemma occurs when an employee try to push himself in an unethical way. These situations are harmful for the organization on long run. This is having a significant impact in terms of managing the organization (Trevino Nelson, 2016). This is required for a business organization in the international market. Incidence l ike this is an eye-opener. People tend to get information regarding the bad practices followed by the Multi-national organization. This only created problem s in the organization. The credibility is important aspect for managing the credibility for a long term. For this reason it is evident to set an example for the whole world by meeting the existing policies (The Associated Press2016). Recommendations Ethical dilemma is common in todays competitive business environment. In order to manage such a situation, it is important to come up with an effective plan to reduce the ill-effect it is having on the business environment. It is recommended that McDonalds should practice in an effective way by introducing systematic strategies. The current target market of McDonalds is kids for the reason it is expected from the brand to follow ethical measures setting example for the whole society (Tran, et al 2015). The business leaders need to create competitive market strategy by keeping in mind the ethical values. The employees should not be forced to perform above expectations. This might affect the organization globally. For McDonalds it is important to come up with an effective business strategy to meet the results. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean (Tylee, 2016). This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural valu e. There is a growing necessity to meet the compliance in regard with meeting the effective results. There is a need of a strong legal compliance in order to refer this issue. This issue is currently affecting the organizational growth and development and has a long-lasting impact on its goodwill. It is responsibility of McDonalds to form a compliance team. This team should be given a responsibility to deal with such a situation. There is a responsibility to develop an effective plan in order to deal with the situation (Vaughn, 2015). Conclusion The changes in global working condition are putting an impact on the organizational ethical values. It is important for an organization to look after the problems it faces in meeting the target. This is important for focusing on organizational growth and development on a long run. For the purpose of bringing integrity, it is evident to manage an effective business framework relocating the factors in an effective way. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean. This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural value. It is important for the organization to focus on managing the ethical practice in an effective way. CSR practices are important for an organization to meet the objectives. The report is based on concept regarding the organizational ethical dilemma and the process to manage. It describes the threats associated with the organization and how one can reduce such situations. As per The existing policies, the com pany is using supply chain transparency, environmental stewardship and gender equality for managing the team. Hence, it is an important practice for a business organization to follow an effective way to overcome ethical dilemma. References Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Carr, D., and Steutel, J. (2005). Virtue Ethics and Moral Education. Oxon: Routledge. CBC News,(2016). McDonald's Happy Meal mistake, and Rio's poor Olympic ROI: BUSINESS WEEK WRAP. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/mcdonald-s-this-week-in-business-1.3737286 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Charlebois,S.(2016). Is it time for McDonalds to rethink the ethics of the Happy Meal? . (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/is-it-time-for-mcdonalds-to-rethink-the-ethics-of-the-happy-meal/article31514884/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Forbes. (2017) Top 10 Global Fast-Food Chains. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eglg45fkdjj/1-mcdonalds/#a6c2d6c21323 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Gibison,A.(2017). McDonalds: A Good Image with Bad Ethics. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.neumann.edu/about/publications/NeumannBusinessReview/journal/review_08/Gibison.pdf (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Gorey,C.(2016). Im rubbing it: McDonalds wearable recalled over skin irritation. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.siliconrepublic.com/gear/mcdonalds-wearable-skin-irritation (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., Schwartz, M. S. (Eds.). (2014).Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Joiner,J.(2016). McDonalds Is Using Your Kids To Survive. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/19/mcdonald-s-cure-for-bad-pr-your-kids (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Kroc, R. (2016) Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's. New York: St. Martin's Press. Marczewski, A. (2016). Pokemon Go: The Good, The Bad and Some Lessons. Meith, H. (2007) The History of McDonald's. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Nill, A. (2015) Handbook on Ethics and Marketing. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Press Association.(2016). Backlash over McDonald's and Coca-Cola Olympics sponsorship comments. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-3724604/Backlash-McDonalds-Coca-Cola-Olympics-sponsorship-comments.html (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Queerty. (2011) McDonalds Toy Stereotyping: One Happy Meal With a Side of Gender Issues To Go Please. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.queerty.com/mcdonalds-toy-stereotyping-one-happy-meal-with-a-side-of-gender-issues-to-go-please-20110318 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Santa Carla University. (2014) Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/calculating-consequences-the-utilitarian-approach/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Sheehan, K. B. (2013).Controversies in contemporary advertising. Sage Publications. Stein, S. (2016) McDonald's Happy Meal Step-It fitness trackers officially recalled. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.cnet.com/news/mcdonalds-fitness-trackers-officially-recalled/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) The Associated Press. (2016) McDonalds recalls millions of Happy Meals fitness bands after reports of burns, blisters. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com//report-on-business/international-business/us-business/mcdonalds-recalls-millions-of-happy-meals-fitness-bands-after-reports-of-burns-blisters/article31507133/?cmpid=rss1 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Tran, M. A., Nguyen, B., Melewar, T. C., Bodoh, J. (2015). Exploring the corporate image formation process.Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal,18(1), 86-114. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Tylee,J.(2016). Should the Olympics allow fast-food sponsors? (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/olympics-allow-fast-food-sponsors/1404057 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Vaughn, L., 2015.Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company. Weebly. (2017) Ethics of Mcdonalds. (Online). Retrieved from: https://mcdonaldsethics.weebly.com/mcdonalds-ethical-issues.html (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Winter, M. (2011). Rethinking Virtue Ethics. New York: Springer.

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War Battle of Saylers Creek: Conflict Date: The Battle of Saylers Creek (Sailors Creek) was fought April 6, 1865, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridanapprox. 16,000 men Confederate Lieutenant General Richard EwellLieutenant General Richard Andersonapprox. 11,500 Battle of Saylers Creek - Background: In the wake of the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, 1865, General Robert E. Lee was driven out of Petersburg by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Also forced to abandon Richmond, Lees army began retreating west with the ultimate goal of re-supplying and moving south into North Carolina to join with General Joseph Johnston. Marching through the night of April 2/3 in several columns, the Confederates intended to rendezvous at Amelia Court House where supplies and rations were expected. As Grant was forced to pause to occupy Petersburg and Richmond, Lee was able to put some space between the armies. Arriving at Amelia on April 4, Lee found trains loaded with munitions but none with food. Forced to pause, Lee sent out forage parties, asked the local populace for aid, and ordered food sent east from Danville along the railroad. Having secured Richmond and Petersburg, Grant tasked Major General Philip Sheridan with leading the pursuit of Lee. Moving west, Sheridans Cavalry Corps and attached infantry fought several rearguard actions with the Confederates and rode ahead in an effort to cut the railroad in front of Lee. Learning that Lee was concentrating at Amelia, he began moving his men towards the town. Having lost his lead on Grants men and believing his delay to be fatal, Lee departed Amelia on April 5 despite securing little food for his men. Retreating west along the railroad towards Jetersville, he soon found that Sheridans men had arrived there first. Stunned as this development precluded a direct march to North Carolina, Lee elected not to attack due to the late hour and instead conducted a night march to the north around the Union left with the goal of reaching Farmville where he believed supplies to be waiting. This movement was spotted around dawn and Union troops resumed their pursuit (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Setting the Stage: Pushing west, the Confederate column was led by Lieutenant General James Longstreets combined First and Third Corps, followed by Lieutenant General Richard Andersons small corps, and then Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Reserve Corps which possessed the armys wagon train. Major General John B. Gordons Second Corps acted as the rear guard. Harassed by Sheridans troopers, they were also closely followed by Major General Andrew Humphreys II Corps and Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps. As the day progressed a gap opened between Longstreet and Anderson which was exploited by the Union cavalry. Correctly guessing that future attacks were likely, Ewell sent the wagon train along a more northern route west. It was followed by Gordon who was under pressure from Humphreys approaching troops. Crossing Little Saylers Creek, Ewell assumed a defensive position along a ridge west of the creek. Blocked by Sheridans cavalry, which was approaching from the south, Anderson was forced to deploy southwest of Ewell. In a dangerous position, the two Confederate commands were nearly back-to-back. Building up strength opposite Ewell, Sheridan and Wright opened fire with 20 guns around 5:15 PM. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Cavalry Strikes: Lacking guns of his own, Ewell was forced to endure this bombardment until Wrights troops started advancing around 6:00 PM. During this time, Major General Wesley Merritt began a series of probing attacks against Andersons position. After several small-scale advances were turned back, Sheridan and Merritt increased the pressure. Advancing with three cavalry divisions armed with Spencer carbines, Merritts men succeeded in engaging Andersons line in close combat and overwhelming his left flank. As Andersons left disintegrated, his line collapsed and his men fled the field. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Hillsman Farm: Unaware that his line of retreat was being cut by Merritt, Ewell prepared to engage Wrights advancing VI Corps. Moving forward from their position near the Hillsman Farm, the Union infantry struggled across rain-swollen Little Saylers Creek before reforming and attacking. In the course of the advance, the Union center outdistanced the units on its flanks and took the brunt of the Confederate fire. Wavering, it was driven back by a small Confederate force led by Major Robert Stiles. This pursuit was halted by the Union artillery (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Lockett Farm: Reforming, VI Corps again advanced and succeeded in overlapping the flanks of Ewells line. In bitter fighting, Wrights troops succeeded in collapsing Ewells line capturing around 3,400 men and routing the rest. Among the prisoners were six Confederate generals including Ewell. As Union troops were achieving victory near the Hillman Farm, Humphreys II Corps closed on Gordon and the Confederate wagon train a few miles north near the Lockett Farm. Assuming a position along the eastern rim of a small valley, Gordon sought cover the wagons as they crossed the Double Bridges over Saylers Creek at the valley floor. Unable to handle the heavy traffic, the bridges caused a bottleneck leading to the wagons stacking up in the valley. Arriving on the scene, Major General Andrew A.  Humphreys II Corps deployed and began attacking around dusk. Steadily driving Gordons men back, the Union infantry took the ridge and the fighting continued among the wagons. Under heavy pressure and with Union troops working around his left flank, Gordon retreated to the west side of the valley having lost around 1,700 captured and 200 wagons. As dark descended, the fighting petered out and Gordon began retreating west towards High Bridge (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Aftermath: While Union casualties for the Battle of Saylers Creek numbered around 1,150, the Confederate forces engaged lost around 7,700 killed, wounded, and captured. Effectively the death knell of the Army of Northern Virginia, Confederate losses at Saylers Creek represented approximately a quarter of Lees remaining strength. Riding out from Rices Depot, Lee saw the survivors of Ewells and Andersons corps streaming west and exclaimed, My God, has the army dissolved? Consolidating his men at Farmville early on April 7, Lee was able to partially re-provision his men before being forced out by early afternoon. Pushed west and eventually cornered at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered his army on April 9.

Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Essay Example

Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Essay Example Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Paper Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Paper Question : What is a dramatic monologue? Which of the two, in your opinion, is the stronger dramatic monologue in Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† or Brownings â€Å"My Last Duchess†? Answer : Traditionally dramatic monologue is a lyrical poem in the form of speech spoken by a single man. It is dramatic because it begins abruptly and in the development of its thought it takes several sudden turns which impart dramatic dimension to the poem. In a dramatic monologue the single speaker reveals his thoughts in the presence of a single silent listener or some silent listeners. The speaker is not necessarily the poet himself though the speaker often gives out the poets belief and philosophy. The speakers revelation, in fact, leads the readers to probe deep into the psycho-analytical or soul-dissecting. Therefore, a dramatic monologue is a kind of poem which comprises of lyrical strains, abrupt beginning, single speaker, silent listener or listeners, psychological analysis, clues to suggest the presence of the silent listeners and what they say or do. Robert Brownings â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"Andrea del Sarto†, Tennysons â€Å"Ulysses† and â€Å"Tithonus† are famous dramatic monologues. A dramatic monologue usually begins abruptly somewhere at the middle of the event. He beginning of Ulysses is not so sudden and surprising. The opening lines seem to have a tone of introduction : â€Å"It little profits that an idle king † It does not produce a surprising dramatic effect which is traditional for dramatic monologues. On the contrary, â€Å"My Last Duchess† begins with dramatic suddenness : Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall. † The readers understand that the event has begun earlier. But the poem begins somewhere in the middle of the speech giving a dramatic twist. A single person, Ulysses, speaks throughout the poem. It is understood that some of his old comrades are present around him. Ulysses encourages them in undertaking a new adventure. First, he tells them why he d oes not want to stay at home. Then, he asks them to start the journey. At times, he addresses them as â€Å"My friends† and â€Å"Come my friends†. He tells them, â€Å"you nd I are old. † These are the clues which lead us to believe that other mariners are present but they do not speak. Telemachus presence is also felt. Tennyson here follows the tradition of allowing one person to speak and keeping others silent. In â€Å"My Last Duchess† we see the same thing. As the poem progresses, it becomes clear that only a single person speaks. The speaker is the Duke of Ferrara who is talking about his dead Duchess portrait painted by Fra Pandolf. At several points of the poem it becomes evident that there is a listener who remains silent. For example, when the duke says â€Å"Willt please you sit and look at her? † or â€Å"Willt you please rise? † we understand that someone is present around him. Later in the poem, we come to know that he is an emissary for the second marriage of the Duke. Throughout the poem he does not talk. But his reactions are revealed through the Dukes speech. For example, the clue to understand the surprise in the emissarys face has been revealed by the Duke himself : â€Å"so not the first/ Are you to turn and ask thus. † We know he does not ask anything but there has been a question in his countenance. Tennyson reveals his hearts desire in â€Å"Ulysses†. This is another aspect of dramatic monologue. He says he does not enjoy peaceful life at home, and so, he wants to set out for new adventures. His inner thoughts have been revealed. However, the revelation is very simple and plain. The speaker here is more concerned with external things around him rather than psychological crises which are the essence of a successful dramatic monologue. In this aspect â€Å"My Last Duchess† also the same as â€Å"Ulysses†. Here the Duke while talking about the Duchess reveals his own mind. We understand that he is a possessive husband, a cruel person, a proud aristocrat, a greedy bridegroom but a connoisseur of artworks. He also reveals that the Duchess was an innocent, easy-going lady. These analyses of Dukes temperament are the essence of this dramatic look. It may now concluded that both the poems are fine examples of dramatic monologue though â€Å"Ulysses†s beginning is not so startling and it lacks psychological probing. So, from my point of view, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is more strong dramatic monologue than â€Å"Ulysses†.

School Counselor-IEP etc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School Counselor-IEP etc - Essay Example It goes beyond the superficiality of the problem to investigate the details so that problems can be identified holistically so as to develop effective interventions. The role of special education teacher is to implement the strategies within his/ her teaching approaches. But my role primarily would be limited to being a consultant or rather a ‘teacher advocate’ who would like to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies and identify factors which could be hindering the progress. I would facilitate support to different stakeholders and act as conduit for regular and effective communication. It is important to understand and address the obstacles that adversely impact participation of persons with disability in the mainstream education. It would be more of an observer. As an advocate for inclusive education, I believe that I can use my skills and academic expertise to improve the efficacy of program/ strategies by identifying the shortcomings and communicating the same so t hat issues can be resolved with the help of parents, teachers, administrators and all those who can contribute positively to the wide goals of IEP. Response a This is hugely relevant for children with special need because the child could be having varying degree or sometime multi-lateral disabilities that need to be assessed. The thorough assessment helps to evolve effective strategies for inclusion of the child in the mainstream education system. Response b Success of IEP or for that matter, any social program is dependent of collaborative approach where community, government (in this case, school) and students together evolve solutions for defined problems. Answer 2 Cultural/ multicultural issues and considerations in special educations are vital part of the success of the program. Globalization has brought about tremendous changes to the social fabric which has increasing become multicultural, comprising of people coming from different race, color, nationality and culture. The ch allenges of complex nature of emerging new society must be met through promotion of cross cultural understanding. In special education, it becomes highly pertinent aspect of effective implementation as they need to incorporate the perspectives of diverse society and remove barriers of language and cross cultural paradigms that can be interpreted differently if cross cultural understanding is not developed. Huntington (1993) believed that major element of conflicts would be cultural based. The contemporary times has vindicated his claim. In some culture, looking directly at person is not respectable which can be construed as not paying attention by the western society. Hence, cross cultural understanding become crucial for all the persons who are working in the area of special education needs. Awareness of biases within the communities prepares the coordinators and all concerned to have flexible approach.  IEP strives to address these issues and ensures progress through feedback sy stem. Response c Indeed, the increasing diversity in the society necessitates cross cultural understanding and flexibility in approach. This would enable the counselors and teachers to understand the child and decipher his/ her problems with more accuracy. Response d These are interesting interludes that confirm the conflicts that are caused due to lack of knowledge about other cultures. In the contemporary times, diversity has become intrinsic part of society and therefore, one must strive to inculcate cross

Technologies For Students With Disabilities Assignment

Technologies For Students With Disabilities - Assignment Example Nowadays, such students can take great benefit from assistive technologies varying from high technology tools to simple and usable low tech gadgets. The main purpose of such tools and technologies are to assist students with disabilities to give up to their full potential, increasing their self-confidence and motivation to learn and prosper. Simple and easily usable tools for students will learning disabilities include:†¢ Tape Recorders: Students with any sort of memory disabilities can use a tape recorder to help themselves to memorize more quickly and efficiently.†¢ Calculators: Calculator makes complex calculations easy for students who are not goofing with math.High tech tools and latest technologies which could assist students will disabilities include:†¢ Software that can read aloud written text†¢ Speech recognition software that converts verbal text in written text†¢ Grammar correctors that can edit spellings and tenses for students who are weak in gra mmar and tenses. These tools and technologies, specially designed to help disabled students do not cost much and are easily available for a very reasonable price. Such technologies are important for these students because they reduce the dependency need of these students on someone. The skills of the students are polished, as they get the self-confidence that they can finish things on their own. Students are also motivated and they become more comfortable in adjusting to the class environment

Reading questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Reading questions - Assignment Example Most importantly, timely data interpretation is crucial as it is not dynamic but static element that may lose its wider meaning if left unattended. When the random data is streamlined into coherent arrangement or format and adds value to the given issue or subject, it is known as information. Thus, information can be broadly described as a process of rearranging data in some specified way so as to reveal certain critical facts about particular issue or subject. The individual entities within a database constitute vital ingredients of facts or information that helps to make rational choice or facilitate decision making process based on informed choice. In research, the information provided by data helps in interpretation of situation and come to certain conclusion. Hence, data help to construct some meaning to issue and reveal new perspectives or confirm existing knowledge. Interview is my favorite data collection method. The major factor that makes it attractive is the human interaction that gives data that can generate new theories about the real life situation. More importantly, it is an art in retrieving vital information from the subject or respondent through his said/unsaid words, behavior and emotions. The interpretation of data generated through interview is also attractive for its social construction of meaning in human behavior. It is a complex process where understanding, sensitivity to the feelings and socio-cultural value system and ethical considerations play crucial role in establishing trust and confidence between the researcher and respondent or interviewee. The relationship building becomes essential part of interview schedule as it helps to get the right information and many times, confidential information that is significant to the research outcome. Another very attractive aspect of interview its format of questions that can not only help to extract vital information without alarming the respondent but tests the critical thinking

Hobbes Locke And Rousseau And The Social Contract Philosophy Essay

Hobbes Locke And Rousseau And The Social Contract Philosophy Essay All the above three quotes are from three of the most influential and glorified philosophers. All three of them, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are famous for their works in the field of political philosophy. These three philosophers dominated the political thoughts of the 17th and 18th century. Thomas Hobbes Born on 5 April 1588 in Malmesbury , Wiltshire , England , formed the base for western political thought through his various books, one of which was highly influential in the field of political philosophy was the book Leviathan .Apart from political philosophy he also contributed in the field of history , geometry , ethics and political science. John Locke Born on 29 august 1632 in Wrington , Somerset, England, mostly known as the father of Liberalism. His   work had a large impact upon the establishment of the concept of   epistemology and political philosophy.one of his most famous writings is the Two treaties of government . Jean Jacques Rousseau Born on 28 June 1712 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva.his work influenced the French and the American revolution. His major works were in the field of political philosophy , literature ,education and his famous books are Emile and the social contract and discourses. To begin with I would like to inform that the social contract from the eyes of these three philosophers is based on one fundamental philosophy that is the state of nature, which is different for each one of them as all three have different dimensions and dynamics to it Hobbes considers the state of nature an horrific one .he simply calls the state of nature a s a state of war that is constant war. This state of war or state of nature is derived from human nature , human beings tendency to desire and to fulfill these desires in order to remain happy and satisfied in life . Hobbes expresses that the state of nature provides full freedom , everyone has the freedom to do what they want . thus there is complete equality too as each one is capable of desiring what they want and to do anything to achieve the desires always trying to gain more than the other person resulting in conflict and hence a state of war. No person can be inferior to another by the virtue of nature. Hobbes wrote that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man .due to the constant dispute and battle between human beings there is constant fear. According to Hobbes people in the state of nature are free to do anything they feel like doing in order to protect their interests hence there is no injustice as there no law . According to Locke state of nature is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions , and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of law of nature.it is a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. He defines the state of nature as that state that is present before the the society develops. Its a state of complete freedom and equality and everyone is equally free. there is this concept of law of nature which both Hobbes and Locke follow . the law of nature governs the state of nature , it is the law derived from human reasoning. But according to Locke the law of reason suggests to avoid harm to self and others well being , property and liberty. This is where Locke opposes Hobbes as he say if the law of nature is followed then there will be complete peace and harmony which prevents the state of nature from entering a state of war .Locke mainly speaks of political equality , he says that one person can not be a victim of authority and oppression of another. Rousseau too disagreed with Hobbes with regard to the state of nature .he too felt that the state of nature was not a state of war. He presents the state of nature as a primitive one . Where human beings live like savages, whose desires are very basic and simple. There interaction with others is done for no social cause but to fulfill their own basic desires like sex , food and sleep. He said that in a state of nature human beings have only a few natural sentiments of self-love and pity. Humans live on basic instincts and can make use of nature hence giving them way more choices than other animals even though they seem like brute animals but they are not. This state is a very peaceful one as there is no vice, and no sentiments like greed, jealousy, envy as there is no civilized society. How and why should the state exit the State of Nature and enter into a social contract? Hobbes says; In a state of War, there is no place for Industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.no commodious Building; no Knowledge of the face of the earth; no Account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short Hobbes says that the only way that the state of war in the state of nature can end is with the entering of the social contract. It can prevent chaos which is prevailing in the state of war. Hobbes says that there are laws present in the state of nature but no one to implement them, hence to have an authority or a body which can enforce these laws we need to enter into a contract. Hobbesian social contract demands the human beings in the state of nature to give up all their rights to the supreme authority apart from their right to life, which in the case of Hobbes is the sovereign, according to Hobbes the sovereign is absolute authority. The contract is void one the aim of the contract is not fulfilled that is the citizens of the state are not secure. According to Locke the reason behind leaving the state of nature are three inconveniences in the law of nature that there wants an established known law, there wants a known and impartial judge, and there wants the power to back and support the sentence when right and to give it due execution he says that humans have to transfer from the state of nature to the social contract in order to create a political society. According to Locke the social contract is entered only once there is consent of the people. This social contract forms a civil society with a government; the purpose of this was the protection of life, property and liberty. Rousseau claims moving out from the state of nature because as the population increased the resources were strained as a result of which humans started living in groups,there were personal comparisons, which led to pride and vanity, with time passing there there were innovations resulting in leisure hence causing greed, all this created division between the rich and the poor.the social unrest caused by all this showed a need of a government hence Rousseau explains the need for exit from the state of nature. He states that the government should be formed on the basis of a general will. For the general will to be truly general, it must be general in its origin, in its form and when there is economic equality he says that there must be a say of each and every person of the society, that a group should not represent the mass but each person should have the ability to vote and chose their sovereign. From the above text we realize that all three of them agreed to having a contract for the greater good of society. Hobbes and Rousseau want a absolute sovereign whereas Locke places various limitations to the sovereign. I feel all even though the three theorists differ in a few fundamental points their aims and purposes are mostly similar. -SHIVEN VARMA

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)