Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War Battle of Saylers Creek: Conflict Date: The Battle of Saylers Creek (Sailors Creek) was fought April 6, 1865, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridanapprox. 16,000 men Confederate Lieutenant General Richard EwellLieutenant General Richard Andersonapprox. 11,500 Battle of Saylers Creek - Background: In the wake of the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, 1865, General Robert E. Lee was driven out of Petersburg by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Also forced to abandon Richmond, Lees army began retreating west with the ultimate goal of re-supplying and moving south into North Carolina to join with General Joseph Johnston. Marching through the night of April 2/3 in several columns, the Confederates intended to rendezvous at Amelia Court House where supplies and rations were expected. As Grant was forced to pause to occupy Petersburg and Richmond, Lee was able to put some space between the armies. Arriving at Amelia on April 4, Lee found trains loaded with munitions but none with food. Forced to pause, Lee sent out forage parties, asked the local populace for aid, and ordered food sent east from Danville along the railroad. Having secured Richmond and Petersburg, Grant tasked Major General Philip Sheridan with leading the pursuit of Lee. Moving west, Sheridans Cavalry Corps and attached infantry fought several rearguard actions with the Confederates and rode ahead in an effort to cut the railroad in front of Lee. Learning that Lee was concentrating at Amelia, he began moving his men towards the town. Having lost his lead on Grants men and believing his delay to be fatal, Lee departed Amelia on April 5 despite securing little food for his men. Retreating west along the railroad towards Jetersville, he soon found that Sheridans men had arrived there first. Stunned as this development precluded a direct march to North Carolina, Lee elected not to attack due to the late hour and instead conducted a night march to the north around the Union left with the goal of reaching Farmville where he believed supplies to be waiting. This movement was spotted around dawn and Union troops resumed their pursuit (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Setting the Stage: Pushing west, the Confederate column was led by Lieutenant General James Longstreets combined First and Third Corps, followed by Lieutenant General Richard Andersons small corps, and then Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Reserve Corps which possessed the armys wagon train. Major General John B. Gordons Second Corps acted as the rear guard. Harassed by Sheridans troopers, they were also closely followed by Major General Andrew Humphreys II Corps and Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps. As the day progressed a gap opened between Longstreet and Anderson which was exploited by the Union cavalry. Correctly guessing that future attacks were likely, Ewell sent the wagon train along a more northern route west. It was followed by Gordon who was under pressure from Humphreys approaching troops. Crossing Little Saylers Creek, Ewell assumed a defensive position along a ridge west of the creek. Blocked by Sheridans cavalry, which was approaching from the south, Anderson was forced to deploy southwest of Ewell. In a dangerous position, the two Confederate commands were nearly back-to-back. Building up strength opposite Ewell, Sheridan and Wright opened fire with 20 guns around 5:15 PM. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Cavalry Strikes: Lacking guns of his own, Ewell was forced to endure this bombardment until Wrights troops started advancing around 6:00 PM. During this time, Major General Wesley Merritt began a series of probing attacks against Andersons position. After several small-scale advances were turned back, Sheridan and Merritt increased the pressure. Advancing with three cavalry divisions armed with Spencer carbines, Merritts men succeeded in engaging Andersons line in close combat and overwhelming his left flank. As Andersons left disintegrated, his line collapsed and his men fled the field. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Hillsman Farm: Unaware that his line of retreat was being cut by Merritt, Ewell prepared to engage Wrights advancing VI Corps. Moving forward from their position near the Hillsman Farm, the Union infantry struggled across rain-swollen Little Saylers Creek before reforming and attacking. In the course of the advance, the Union center outdistanced the units on its flanks and took the brunt of the Confederate fire. Wavering, it was driven back by a small Confederate force led by Major Robert Stiles. This pursuit was halted by the Union artillery (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Lockett Farm: Reforming, VI Corps again advanced and succeeded in overlapping the flanks of Ewells line. In bitter fighting, Wrights troops succeeded in collapsing Ewells line capturing around 3,400 men and routing the rest. Among the prisoners were six Confederate generals including Ewell. As Union troops were achieving victory near the Hillman Farm, Humphreys II Corps closed on Gordon and the Confederate wagon train a few miles north near the Lockett Farm. Assuming a position along the eastern rim of a small valley, Gordon sought cover the wagons as they crossed the Double Bridges over Saylers Creek at the valley floor. Unable to handle the heavy traffic, the bridges caused a bottleneck leading to the wagons stacking up in the valley. Arriving on the scene, Major General Andrew A.  Humphreys II Corps deployed and began attacking around dusk. Steadily driving Gordons men back, the Union infantry took the ridge and the fighting continued among the wagons. Under heavy pressure and with Union troops working around his left flank, Gordon retreated to the west side of the valley having lost around 1,700 captured and 200 wagons. As dark descended, the fighting petered out and Gordon began retreating west towards High Bridge (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Aftermath: While Union casualties for the Battle of Saylers Creek numbered around 1,150, the Confederate forces engaged lost around 7,700 killed, wounded, and captured. Effectively the death knell of the Army of Northern Virginia, Confederate losses at Saylers Creek represented approximately a quarter of Lees remaining strength. Riding out from Rices Depot, Lee saw the survivors of Ewells and Andersons corps streaming west and exclaimed, My God, has the army dissolved? Consolidating his men at Farmville early on April 7, Lee was able to partially re-provision his men before being forced out by early afternoon. Pushed west and eventually cornered at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered his army on April 9.

Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Essay Example

Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Essay Example Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Paper Comparison Between My Last Duchess Ulysses Regarding Dramatic Monologue Paper Question : What is a dramatic monologue? Which of the two, in your opinion, is the stronger dramatic monologue in Tennyson’s â€Å"Ulysses† or Brownings â€Å"My Last Duchess†? Answer : Traditionally dramatic monologue is a lyrical poem in the form of speech spoken by a single man. It is dramatic because it begins abruptly and in the development of its thought it takes several sudden turns which impart dramatic dimension to the poem. In a dramatic monologue the single speaker reveals his thoughts in the presence of a single silent listener or some silent listeners. The speaker is not necessarily the poet himself though the speaker often gives out the poets belief and philosophy. The speakers revelation, in fact, leads the readers to probe deep into the psycho-analytical or soul-dissecting. Therefore, a dramatic monologue is a kind of poem which comprises of lyrical strains, abrupt beginning, single speaker, silent listener or listeners, psychological analysis, clues to suggest the presence of the silent listeners and what they say or do. Robert Brownings â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"Andrea del Sarto†, Tennysons â€Å"Ulysses† and â€Å"Tithonus† are famous dramatic monologues. A dramatic monologue usually begins abruptly somewhere at the middle of the event. He beginning of Ulysses is not so sudden and surprising. The opening lines seem to have a tone of introduction : â€Å"It little profits that an idle king † It does not produce a surprising dramatic effect which is traditional for dramatic monologues. On the contrary, â€Å"My Last Duchess† begins with dramatic suddenness : Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall. † The readers understand that the event has begun earlier. But the poem begins somewhere in the middle of the speech giving a dramatic twist. A single person, Ulysses, speaks throughout the poem. It is understood that some of his old comrades are present around him. Ulysses encourages them in undertaking a new adventure. First, he tells them why he d oes not want to stay at home. Then, he asks them to start the journey. At times, he addresses them as â€Å"My friends† and â€Å"Come my friends†. He tells them, â€Å"you nd I are old. † These are the clues which lead us to believe that other mariners are present but they do not speak. Telemachus presence is also felt. Tennyson here follows the tradition of allowing one person to speak and keeping others silent. In â€Å"My Last Duchess† we see the same thing. As the poem progresses, it becomes clear that only a single person speaks. The speaker is the Duke of Ferrara who is talking about his dead Duchess portrait painted by Fra Pandolf. At several points of the poem it becomes evident that there is a listener who remains silent. For example, when the duke says â€Å"Willt please you sit and look at her? † or â€Å"Willt you please rise? † we understand that someone is present around him. Later in the poem, we come to know that he is an emissary for the second marriage of the Duke. Throughout the poem he does not talk. But his reactions are revealed through the Dukes speech. For example, the clue to understand the surprise in the emissarys face has been revealed by the Duke himself : â€Å"so not the first/ Are you to turn and ask thus. † We know he does not ask anything but there has been a question in his countenance. Tennyson reveals his hearts desire in â€Å"Ulysses†. This is another aspect of dramatic monologue. He says he does not enjoy peaceful life at home, and so, he wants to set out for new adventures. His inner thoughts have been revealed. However, the revelation is very simple and plain. The speaker here is more concerned with external things around him rather than psychological crises which are the essence of a successful dramatic monologue. In this aspect â€Å"My Last Duchess† also the same as â€Å"Ulysses†. Here the Duke while talking about the Duchess reveals his own mind. We understand that he is a possessive husband, a cruel person, a proud aristocrat, a greedy bridegroom but a connoisseur of artworks. He also reveals that the Duchess was an innocent, easy-going lady. These analyses of Dukes temperament are the essence of this dramatic look. It may now concluded that both the poems are fine examples of dramatic monologue though â€Å"Ulysses†s beginning is not so startling and it lacks psychological probing. So, from my point of view, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is more strong dramatic monologue than â€Å"Ulysses†.

School Counselor-IEP etc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School Counselor-IEP etc - Essay Example It goes beyond the superficiality of the problem to investigate the details so that problems can be identified holistically so as to develop effective interventions. The role of special education teacher is to implement the strategies within his/ her teaching approaches. But my role primarily would be limited to being a consultant or rather a ‘teacher advocate’ who would like to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies and identify factors which could be hindering the progress. I would facilitate support to different stakeholders and act as conduit for regular and effective communication. It is important to understand and address the obstacles that adversely impact participation of persons with disability in the mainstream education. It would be more of an observer. As an advocate for inclusive education, I believe that I can use my skills and academic expertise to improve the efficacy of program/ strategies by identifying the shortcomings and communicating the same so t hat issues can be resolved with the help of parents, teachers, administrators and all those who can contribute positively to the wide goals of IEP. Response a This is hugely relevant for children with special need because the child could be having varying degree or sometime multi-lateral disabilities that need to be assessed. The thorough assessment helps to evolve effective strategies for inclusion of the child in the mainstream education system. Response b Success of IEP or for that matter, any social program is dependent of collaborative approach where community, government (in this case, school) and students together evolve solutions for defined problems. Answer 2 Cultural/ multicultural issues and considerations in special educations are vital part of the success of the program. Globalization has brought about tremendous changes to the social fabric which has increasing become multicultural, comprising of people coming from different race, color, nationality and culture. The ch allenges of complex nature of emerging new society must be met through promotion of cross cultural understanding. In special education, it becomes highly pertinent aspect of effective implementation as they need to incorporate the perspectives of diverse society and remove barriers of language and cross cultural paradigms that can be interpreted differently if cross cultural understanding is not developed. Huntington (1993) believed that major element of conflicts would be cultural based. The contemporary times has vindicated his claim. In some culture, looking directly at person is not respectable which can be construed as not paying attention by the western society. Hence, cross cultural understanding become crucial for all the persons who are working in the area of special education needs. Awareness of biases within the communities prepares the coordinators and all concerned to have flexible approach.  IEP strives to address these issues and ensures progress through feedback sy stem. Response c Indeed, the increasing diversity in the society necessitates cross cultural understanding and flexibility in approach. This would enable the counselors and teachers to understand the child and decipher his/ her problems with more accuracy. Response d These are interesting interludes that confirm the conflicts that are caused due to lack of knowledge about other cultures. In the contemporary times, diversity has become intrinsic part of society and therefore, one must strive to inculcate cross

Technologies For Students With Disabilities Assignment

Technologies For Students With Disabilities - Assignment Example Nowadays, such students can take great benefit from assistive technologies varying from high technology tools to simple and usable low tech gadgets. The main purpose of such tools and technologies are to assist students with disabilities to give up to their full potential, increasing their self-confidence and motivation to learn and prosper. Simple and easily usable tools for students will learning disabilities include:†¢ Tape Recorders: Students with any sort of memory disabilities can use a tape recorder to help themselves to memorize more quickly and efficiently.†¢ Calculators: Calculator makes complex calculations easy for students who are not goofing with math.High tech tools and latest technologies which could assist students will disabilities include:†¢ Software that can read aloud written text†¢ Speech recognition software that converts verbal text in written text†¢ Grammar correctors that can edit spellings and tenses for students who are weak in gra mmar and tenses. These tools and technologies, specially designed to help disabled students do not cost much and are easily available for a very reasonable price. Such technologies are important for these students because they reduce the dependency need of these students on someone. The skills of the students are polished, as they get the self-confidence that they can finish things on their own. Students are also motivated and they become more comfortable in adjusting to the class environment

Reading questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Reading questions - Assignment Example Most importantly, timely data interpretation is crucial as it is not dynamic but static element that may lose its wider meaning if left unattended. When the random data is streamlined into coherent arrangement or format and adds value to the given issue or subject, it is known as information. Thus, information can be broadly described as a process of rearranging data in some specified way so as to reveal certain critical facts about particular issue or subject. The individual entities within a database constitute vital ingredients of facts or information that helps to make rational choice or facilitate decision making process based on informed choice. In research, the information provided by data helps in interpretation of situation and come to certain conclusion. Hence, data help to construct some meaning to issue and reveal new perspectives or confirm existing knowledge. Interview is my favorite data collection method. The major factor that makes it attractive is the human interaction that gives data that can generate new theories about the real life situation. More importantly, it is an art in retrieving vital information from the subject or respondent through his said/unsaid words, behavior and emotions. The interpretation of data generated through interview is also attractive for its social construction of meaning in human behavior. It is a complex process where understanding, sensitivity to the feelings and socio-cultural value system and ethical considerations play crucial role in establishing trust and confidence between the researcher and respondent or interviewee. The relationship building becomes essential part of interview schedule as it helps to get the right information and many times, confidential information that is significant to the research outcome. Another very attractive aspect of interview its format of questions that can not only help to extract vital information without alarming the respondent but tests the critical thinking

Hobbes Locke And Rousseau And The Social Contract Philosophy Essay

Hobbes Locke And Rousseau And The Social Contract Philosophy Essay All the above three quotes are from three of the most influential and glorified philosophers. All three of them, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are famous for their works in the field of political philosophy. These three philosophers dominated the political thoughts of the 17th and 18th century. Thomas Hobbes Born on 5 April 1588 in Malmesbury , Wiltshire , England , formed the base for western political thought through his various books, one of which was highly influential in the field of political philosophy was the book Leviathan .Apart from political philosophy he also contributed in the field of history , geometry , ethics and political science. John Locke Born on 29 august 1632 in Wrington , Somerset, England, mostly known as the father of Liberalism. His   work had a large impact upon the establishment of the concept of   epistemology and political philosophy.one of his most famous writings is the Two treaties of government . Jean Jacques Rousseau Born on 28 June 1712 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva.his work influenced the French and the American revolution. His major works were in the field of political philosophy , literature ,education and his famous books are Emile and the social contract and discourses. To begin with I would like to inform that the social contract from the eyes of these three philosophers is based on one fundamental philosophy that is the state of nature, which is different for each one of them as all three have different dimensions and dynamics to it Hobbes considers the state of nature an horrific one .he simply calls the state of nature a s a state of war that is constant war. This state of war or state of nature is derived from human nature , human beings tendency to desire and to fulfill these desires in order to remain happy and satisfied in life . Hobbes expresses that the state of nature provides full freedom , everyone has the freedom to do what they want . thus there is complete equality too as each one is capable of desiring what they want and to do anything to achieve the desires always trying to gain more than the other person resulting in conflict and hence a state of war. No person can be inferior to another by the virtue of nature. Hobbes wrote that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man .due to the constant dispute and battle between human beings there is constant fear. According to Hobbes people in the state of nature are free to do anything they feel like doing in order to protect their interests hence there is no injustice as there no law . According to Locke state of nature is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions , and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of law of nature.it is a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. He defines the state of nature as that state that is present before the the society develops. Its a state of complete freedom and equality and everyone is equally free. there is this concept of law of nature which both Hobbes and Locke follow . the law of nature governs the state of nature , it is the law derived from human reasoning. But according to Locke the law of reason suggests to avoid harm to self and others well being , property and liberty. This is where Locke opposes Hobbes as he say if the law of nature is followed then there will be complete peace and harmony which prevents the state of nature from entering a state of war .Locke mainly speaks of political equality , he says that one person can not be a victim of authority and oppression of another. Rousseau too disagreed with Hobbes with regard to the state of nature .he too felt that the state of nature was not a state of war. He presents the state of nature as a primitive one . Where human beings live like savages, whose desires are very basic and simple. There interaction with others is done for no social cause but to fulfill their own basic desires like sex , food and sleep. He said that in a state of nature human beings have only a few natural sentiments of self-love and pity. Humans live on basic instincts and can make use of nature hence giving them way more choices than other animals even though they seem like brute animals but they are not. This state is a very peaceful one as there is no vice, and no sentiments like greed, jealousy, envy as there is no civilized society. How and why should the state exit the State of Nature and enter into a social contract? Hobbes says; In a state of War, there is no place for Industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain; and consequently no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.no commodious Building; no Knowledge of the face of the earth; no Account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short Hobbes says that the only way that the state of war in the state of nature can end is with the entering of the social contract. It can prevent chaos which is prevailing in the state of war. Hobbes says that there are laws present in the state of nature but no one to implement them, hence to have an authority or a body which can enforce these laws we need to enter into a contract. Hobbesian social contract demands the human beings in the state of nature to give up all their rights to the supreme authority apart from their right to life, which in the case of Hobbes is the sovereign, according to Hobbes the sovereign is absolute authority. The contract is void one the aim of the contract is not fulfilled that is the citizens of the state are not secure. According to Locke the reason behind leaving the state of nature are three inconveniences in the law of nature that there wants an established known law, there wants a known and impartial judge, and there wants the power to back and support the sentence when right and to give it due execution he says that humans have to transfer from the state of nature to the social contract in order to create a political society. According to Locke the social contract is entered only once there is consent of the people. This social contract forms a civil society with a government; the purpose of this was the protection of life, property and liberty. Rousseau claims moving out from the state of nature because as the population increased the resources were strained as a result of which humans started living in groups,there were personal comparisons, which led to pride and vanity, with time passing there there were innovations resulting in leisure hence causing greed, all this created division between the rich and the poor.the social unrest caused by all this showed a need of a government hence Rousseau explains the need for exit from the state of nature. He states that the government should be formed on the basis of a general will. For the general will to be truly general, it must be general in its origin, in its form and when there is economic equality he says that there must be a say of each and every person of the society, that a group should not represent the mass but each person should have the ability to vote and chose their sovereign. From the above text we realize that all three of them agreed to having a contract for the greater good of society. Hobbes and Rousseau want a absolute sovereign whereas Locke places various limitations to the sovereign. I feel all even though the three theorists differ in a few fundamental points their aims and purposes are mostly similar. -SHIVEN VARMA

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)